Stem Cell Transplant for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Stem cell transplants for AML would occur during the consolidation phase of chemotherapy for those patients deemed tolerant of intensive chemotherapy.

Stem cell transplant therapy involves the infusion of stem cells into the patient’s bone marrow to replace the stem cells destroyed by other intensive treatments.

There are 2 main types of stem cell transplantation:

  1. allogenic stem cell transplantation
  2. autologous stem cell transplantation

 

Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation

Allogenic stem cell transplantation uses stem cells from a matched or partially matched healthy donor. The donated stem cells restore the bone marrow’s ability to form new blood cells. Ideally, an allogenic stem cell transplant will generate a new immune system for the patient that helps to fight off the leukemia. Compared to autologous stem cell transplantation, allogenic stem cell transplantation is associated with a higher rate of side effects and risk of death.

Another option is reduced-intensity allogenic stem cell transplantation, a treatment option for older patients who cannot tolerate the high doses of chemotherapy used in preparation for a standard allogenic stem cell transplant. It does not completely destroy the patient’s immune system or treat the AML as intensively. The goal is to have the donor stem cells become established in the patient’s bone marrow and produce white blood cells that will attack the patient’s remaining cancer cells.

For both types of allogenic stem cell transplants, there is a risk of Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD), which develops if the donor’s immune cells attack your normal tissue.

 

Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation

Autologous stem cell transplantation uses stem cells from the patient collected before chemotherapy. It is usually more easily tolerated than allogenic transplants. However, there is the risk of returning some leukemia cells back to the patient. This type of transplant is much less commonly used to treat AML.

 

Side Effects of Stem Cell Transplantation

The side effects listed here do not represent a comprehensive list. It's important to discuss all potential side effects of a drug with your healthcare team. Be sure to tell your healthcare team about any side effects you do have.

Possible Short-term Side Effects

Note: Low blood counts are a potential side effect that may put you at risk for anemia, infection, or bleeding.

Potentially Severe Side Effects

  • interstitial pneumonitis and other lung problems
  • Graft Versus Host Disease (acute or chronic)
  • hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD)
  • graft failure
  • post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)
  • fertility issues